Other early Scholastics include Hugh of St. The Franciscan and Dominican orders of the 13th Century saw some of the most intense scholastic theologizing of High Scholasticism , producing such theologians and philosophers as Albertus Magnus , St. Thomas Aquinas , Alexander of Hales died and St. Bonaventure - This period also saw a flourishing of mystical theology , such as Mechthild of Magdeburg - and Angela of Foligno - , and early natural philosophy or "science" at the hands of such men as Roger Bacon and Robert Grosseteste c.
Late Scholasticism 14th Century onwards became more complex and subtle in its distinctions and arguments, including the nominalist or voluntarist theologies of men like William of Ockham.
Thomism and Scotism are specific off-shoots of Scholasticism, following the philosophies of St. Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus respectively. Scholasticism was eclipsed by the Humanism of the 15th and 16th Centuries, and it came to be viewed as a rigid, formalistic and outdated way of conducting philosophy.
It was briefly revived in the Spanish School of Salamanca in the 16th Century, and in the Catholic Scholastic revival Neo-Scholasticism of the late 19th and early 20th Century, although with a somewhat narrower focus on certain scholastics and their respective schools of thought, most notably St. We can say that the scholasticism is a tool and a method of learning based on dialectical reasoning and is aimed at answering a series of questions or resolving contradictions.
It consisted, in other words, of a current of philosophy that sought the way to relate and integrate reason with faith in the best possible way but giving greater importance to faith. It was a philosophical current that sought to find comprehensible answers to all the doubts that arose with regard to reason and faith , mainly because for scholastics the human being is the image of God , and for this reason, the scholastic school relied on dialectics , logic , ethics , theology , cosmology , metaphysics and psychology.
The development and history of scholastics coincided with the foundation of universities at the end of the 12th century and of religious orders such as Dominicans and Franciscans at the beginning of the 13th century. In addition, religious orders had their favorite doctors, whose teachings were also systematized. A characteristic of medieval universities were the public disputes in which the doctors of these schools debated before the student body. These new problems were addressed by the School of Salamanca.
The name refers to the University of Salamanca, where de Vitoria and other members of the school were based. Second scholasticism or late scholasticism is the period of revival of scholastic system of philosophy and theology, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The scientific culture of second scholasticism surpassed its medieval source Scholasticism in the number of its proponents, the breadth of its scope, the analytical complexity, sense of historical and literary criticism, and the volume of editorial production, most of which remains hitherto little explored.
Lutheran orthodoxy was an era in the history of Lutheranism, which began in from the writing of the Book of Concord and ended at the Age of Enlightenment. Lutheran orthodoxy was paralleled by similar eras in Calvinism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter-Reformation. Lutheran scholasticism was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Lutheran Orthodoxy. Theologians used the neo-Aristotelian form of presentation, already popular in academia, in their writings and lectures.
They defined the Lutheran faith and defended it against the polemics of opposing parties. Reformed orthodoxy or Calvinist orthodoxy was an era in the history of Calvinism in the 16th to 18th centuries. Calvinist orthodoxy was paralleled by similar eras in Lutheranism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter-Reformation.
Calvinist scholasticism or Reformed scholasticism was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Calvinist Orthodoxy.
They defined the Reformed faith and defended it against the polemics of opposing parties. Neo-scholasticism also known as neo-scholastic Thomism or neo-Thomism because of the great influence of the writings of Thomas Aquinas on the movement , is a revival and development of medieval scholasticism in Roman Catholic theology and philosophy which began in the second half of the 19th century.
Weisheipl O. Repeated legislation of the General Chapters, beginning after the death of St. Thomas, as well as the Constitutions of the Order, required all Dominicans to teach the doctrine of St. Thomas both in philosophy and in theology. Thomistic scholasticism or scholastic Thomism identifies with the philosophical and theological tradition stretching back to the time of St. It focuses not only on exegesis of the historical Aquinas but also on the articulation of a rigorous system of orthodox Thomism to be used as an instrument of critique of contemporary thought.
Partly, this was because this branch of Thomism had become a quest to understand the historical Aquinas after the Second Vatican Council. Attempts emerged to combine elements of scholastic and analytic methodology in pursuit of a contemporary philosophical synthesis.
Erasmus and Calvin were reacting to late-medieval scholasticism in which debates had often grown sterile. Both wished to return to a study of the Bible itself, a study directed by the liberal arts. After Calvin, a new scholasticism was inevitable, for every great thinker has followers who teach and interpret his thought. The seeds of Reformed scholasticism were sown with the founding of the Geneva Academy.
Theodore Beza, called by Calvin to teach there, is an early Reformed scholastic. Calvin was only one of a number of significant Reformed leaders. While Calvin was most influenced by humanist attitudes and techniques, Vermigli and Zanchi, both Italians, were educated at Padua, the center of a great Aristotelian revival.
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