In certain regions, such as southern India, Hindu kingdoms held on and even pushed back against the Muslim tide. The subcontinent also faced invasions by famed Central Asian conquerors Genghis Khan , who was not Muslim, and Timur or Tamerlane, who was. This period was a precursor to the Mughal Era — Under later Mughals, particularly Akbar the Great , the Muslim emperors and their Hindu subjects reached an unprecedented understanding and created a beautiful and flourishing multicultural, multiethnic, and religiously diverse state.
In , a formerly enslaved Mamluk named Qutbubuddin Aibak conquered northern India and founded a kingdom. He named himself sultan of Delhi. Aibak was a Central Asian Turkic speaker, as were the founders of three of the next four Delhi sultanates.
A total of five dynasties of Muslim sultans ruled much of northern India up until , when Babur swept down from Afghanistan to found the Mughal Dynasty. His Khwarezmid Empire had fallen to the advancing armies of Genghis Khan, and his father had been slain, so the new sultan fled south and east into India. At the Indus River in what is now Pakistan, the Mongols caught Mingburnu and his 50, remaining troops.
The Mongol army was only 30, strong, but it pinned the Persians against the river bank and decimated them. It might be easy to feel sorry for the sultan, but his father's decision to murder Mongol envoys was the immediate spark that set off the Mongol conquests of Central Asia and beyond in the first place. The Chola Dynasty of southern India had one of the longest runs of any dynasty in human history. There is no record of a single decisive battle; rather, the neighboring Pandyan Empire simply grew in strength and influence to such an extent that it overshadowed and gradually extinguished the ancient Chola polity.
In , the Mamluk Dynasty in Delhi fell, and the Khilji Dynasty arose in its place to become the second of the five families to rule the Delhi Sultanate. The Khilji Dynasty would hang on to power only until During their brief, year reign, the Khilji Dynasty successfully fended off a number of incursions from the Mongol Empire.
The final, decisive battle that ended Mongol attempts to take India was the Battle of Jalandhar in , in which the Khilji army slaughtered some 20, Mongols and drove the survivors out of India for good.
In , a new family of mixed Turkic and Indian blood seized control of the Delhi Sultanate, beginning the Tughlaq Dynasty period. Founded by Ghazi Malik, the Tughlaq Dynasty expanded south across the Deccan Plateau and conquered most of southern India for the first time.
However, these territorial gains did not last long. By , the Delhi Sultanate had shrunk back down into its accustomed area in northern India. Interestingly, the famous Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta served as a qadi or Islamic judge in the court of Ghazi Malik, who had taken the throne name of Ghyasuddin Tughlaq. He was not favorably impressed with the new ruler of India, deploring the various tortures used against people who failed to pay taxes, including having their eyes torn out or having molten lead poured down their throats.
When did Mughals come to India? The Mughal Empire, Hindi:????? The Mughal rule over India is called an Empire because it stretched over a large area. When did Mughal rule start in India? After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the midth century. How was India before Mughals? Before the Mughal invasion of , the north of the subcontinent was divided up into several independent Hindu and Muslim kingdoms.
Wealthy Jain businessmen were and still are pious patrons of devotional art, and many of the most beautiful manuscripts and temples of the pre- Mughal period were commissioned by them. When did East India came to India? December 31, Who is the founder of Mughal Empire? Does India have a king? Rajagopalachari until India became a republic on 26 January Who ruled India in 1st century?
Maurya dynasty c. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. By the time Babar of the Mughal dynasty came to India in , India had been a Muslim land for years and Sindh and Multan for years. In four years, Babar occupied the whole of northern India.
Babar was replaced by his son Hamayoun and it was Sher Shah Suri who defeated Hamayoun at the battle of Chausa in From to Sher Shah Suri was the emperor of India. During his rule he introduced various reforms, connected major cities of India with roads and constructed Grand Trunk road from Bengal to Peshawar.
Raised his Hindu employees into position of eminence and recruited Rajputs in army. Hamayoun was replaced by his son Akbar who was a tolerant ruler, treated his Hindu subjects with respect and encouraged interfaith dialogue. He married a Rajput lady and raised Rajput Kinsmen to position of eminence and favoured Hindus more than Muslims. Shah Jehan was followed by his son Aurangzeb who ruled an empire bigger than Akbar. He patronised the famous Fatwa-i-Alamagri, the comprehensive book on Muslims jurisprudence ever compiled.
The later Mughals failed to maintain their glory, strength and unity. Mughals ruled what are the modern countries of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and parts of Myanmar. Over a span of three centuries the Mughal empire last until the uprising against Britishers in Islam was mostly brought to the people of sub-continent by Muslims divines.
Their preaching, saintly life attracted attention and people flocked to hear them and they converted millions to Islam. Historians praise the high level of civilisation of the Muslims, high standard of architecture, building, writings of memoirs, poetry and ship buildings.
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